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  "title": "Low-Latency Trading by Joel Hasbrouck, Gideon Saar",
  "note": "This paper studies market activity in the millisecond environment, where computer algorithms respond to each other almost instantaneously. Using order-level NASDAQ data, we find that the millisecond environment consists of activity by some traders who respond to market events (like changes in the limit order book) within roughly 2-3 ms, and others who seem to cycle in wall-clock time. We define low-latency activity as strategies that respond to market events in the millisecond environment, the hallmark of proprietary trading by a new breed of high-frequency trading firms. We construct a measure of low-latency activity by identifying strategic runs, which are linked submissions, cancellations, and executions that are likely to be parts of a dynamic strategy. We use this measure to study the impact that low-latency activity has on market quality both during normal market conditions and during a period of declining prices and heightened economic uncertainty. Our conclusion is that in the current environment, increased low-latency activity improves traditional market quality measures such as short-term volatility, spreads, and displayed depth in the limit order book.",
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